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| On the cover: The rising in the popularity of big data, artificial intelligence, and simulation technologies has opened up new opportunities for the development of our society. The close integration of real and artificial societies has become a trend, bringing in novel concepts such as parallel society and metaverse. The artificial society system describes, predicts, and guides the real society system, in a closed-loop, iterative, and spiral-rising way, forming a new mode of social operation driven by Data-AI-Simulation techniques. In the future, with the further development of interdisciplinary cooperation and the continuous advancement of technologies, living in metaverse is within reach. |
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| Position: Home > issue > September 13, 2022 Volume 3, Issue 5 |
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| Co-existence and co-infection of influenza A viruses and coronaviruses: Public health challenges |
Category: Review Download:  PDF  Figure  Endnote |
| Author: Jing Yang, Yuhuan Gong, Chunge Zhang, Ju Sun, Gary Wong, Weifeng Shi, Wenjun Liu, George F. Gao, Yuhai Bi |
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Graphical abstract
Since the 20th century, humans have lived through five pandemics caused by influenza A viruses (IAVs) (H1N1/1918, H2N2/1957, H3N2/1968, and H1N1/2009) and the coronavirus (CoV) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). IAVs and CoVs both have broad host ranges and share multiple hosts. Virus co-circulation and even co-infections facilitate genetic reassortment among IAVs and recombination among CoVs, further altering virus evolution dynamics and generating novel variants with increased cross-species transmission risk.
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