Sahara’s surface transformation forced an abrupt hydroclimate decline and Neolithic culture transition in northern China

Yandong Hou; Hao Long; Sumiko Tsukamoto; Zhengyao Lu; Jie Chen; Daniel E. Ibarra; Toru Tamura; Qiong Zhang; Weiyi Sun; Jingran Zhang; Lei Gao; Manfred Frechen; Ji Shen

doi:10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100550

The Innovation > 2024 Vol. 5 > No. 1

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Sahara’s surface transformation forced an abrupt hydroclimate decline and Neolithic culture transition in northern China

1.
State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NIGLAS), Nanjing 210008, China
2.
Leibniz Institute for Applied Geophysics (LIAG), Department of Geochronology, 30655 Hannover, Germany
3.
Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
4.
Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
5.
College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
6.
Institute at Brown for Environment and Society and Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
7.
Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8567, Japan
8.
Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
9.
Department of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
10.
School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Centre for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing 210023, China
11.
School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China

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Corresponding author: longhao@niglas.ac.cn
Received Date: February 02, 2023

Accepted Date: November 29, 2023

Published Online: November 30, 2023

The Innovation 5(1), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100550 | Cite this article

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PUBLIC SUMMARY

PUBLIC SUMMARY
1. ■ Holocene rainfall variations were quantified with energy balance model on lake-levels.
2. ■ An abrupt hydroclimate decline in northern China occurred 5,000–4,000 years ago.
3. ■ This abrupt change event may trigger shifts in Neolithic cultures in northern China.
4. ■ Simulations suggest the impact of the end of Green Sahara on rainfalls of East Asia.

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

The remote forcing from land surface changes in the Sahara is hypothesized to play a pivotal role in modulating the intensity of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) through ocean-atmospheric teleconnections. This modulation has far-reaching consequences, particularly in facilitating societal shifts documented in northern China. Here, we present a well-dated lake-level record from the Daihai Lake Basin in northern China, providing quantitative assessments of Holocene monsoonal precipitation and the consequent migrations of the northern boundary of the EASM. Our reconstruction, informed by a water-and-energy balance model, indicates that annual precipitation reached ~700 mm during 8–5 ka, followed by a rapid decline to ~550 mm between 5 and 4 ka. This shift coherently aligns with a significant ~300 km northwestward movement of the EASMnorthern boundary during the Middle Holocene (MH), in contrast to its current position. Our findings underscore that these changes cannot be entirely attributed to orbital forcing, as corroborated by simulation tests. Climate model simulations deployed in our study suggest that the presence of the Green Sahara during the MH significantly strengthened the EASM and led to a northward shift of the monsoon rainfall belt. Conversely, the Sahara’s reversion to a desert landscape in the late Holocene was accompanied by a corresponding southward retraction of monsoon influence. These dramatic hydroclimate changes during ~5–4 ka likely triggered or at least contributed to a shift in Neolithic cultures and societal transformation in northern China. With decreasing agricultural productivity, communities transitioned from millet farming to a mixed rainfed agriculture and animal husbandry system. Thus, our findings elucidate not only the variability of the EASM but also the profound implications of a remote forcing, such as surface transformations of the Sahara, on climatic changes and cultural evolution in northern China.

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Yandong Hou, Hao Long, Sumiko Tsukamoto, Zhengyao Lu, Jie Chen, Daniel E. Ibarra, Toru Tamura, Qiong Zhang, Weiyi Sun, Jingran Zhang, Lei Gao, Manfred Frechen, Ji Shen. Sahara’s surface transformation forced an abrupt hydroclimate decline and Neolithic culture transition in northern China[J]. The Innovation, 2024, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100550

Yandong Hou, Hao Long, Sumiko Tsukamoto, Zhengyao Lu, Jie Chen, Daniel E. Ibarra, Toru Tamura, Qiong Zhang, Weiyi Sun, Jingran Zhang, Lei Gao, Manfred Frechen, Ji Shen. Sahara’s surface transformation forced an abrupt hydroclimate decline and Neolithic culture transition in northern China[J]. The Innovation, 2024, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100550

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Sahara’s surface transformation forced an abrupt hydroclimate decline and Neolithic culture transition in northern China

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