Insights of water-to-hydrogen conversion from thermodynamics
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PUBLIC SUMMARY
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Nature of energy conversion in water splitting is thermodynamically clarified.
A novel criterion for judging the feasibility of water splitting is proposed.
The reasons for the decrease in temperature during water splitting are found.
The solar spectra-driven water splitting theoretical conversion limit is obtained.
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ABSTRACT
Water-to-hydrogen can be achieved using a variety of driving energy sources, including thermal, electrical, or photo energy. While methods for hydrogen production in specific energy driving scenarios have been extensively studied, a comprehensive theory to explain the conversion of various energies into hydrogen is still lacking. This study provides a novel exergy-based perspective on hydrogen production methods, revealing that the thermodynamic infeasible water splitting process is derived from insufficient exergy input relative to the reaction exergy requirement. Enhancing the exergy input beyond the reaction exergy requirement can break through chemical equilibrium and enable the reaction to proceed. Providing high exergy-to-energy ratios of energy sources such as electrical, photo, and chemical energy for thermochemical water splitting reactions can reduce the thermal exergy demand for hydrogen production, thus facilitating water-to-hydrogen conversion at lower temperatures. By applying this new insight to coupled photochemical- and thermochemical water splitting reactions, equilibrium conversion rates corresponding to solar spectra with different wavelengths are obtained. The highest water-to-hydrogen conversion rate is achieved by the solar spectrum at a wavelength of about 451nm. The appropriate wavelength region for high water-to-hydrogen conversion is identified. This study also identifies the theoretical conversion limit of photochemical water splitting, providing insights into the potential improvements of current experiments. More importantly, our work offers a unified thermodynamic framework for understanding hydrogen production methods and presents a theoretical basis for reducing reaction temperature and enhancing conversion rate. -
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REFERENCES
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Jiao F., Chen C., Liu T., et al., (2024). Insights of water-to-hydrogen conversion from thermodynamics. The Innovation Energy 1(1): 100004. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-energy.2024.100004
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Jiao F., Chen C., Liu T., et al., (2024). Insights of water-to-hydrogen conversion from thermodynamics. The Innovation Energy 1(1): 100004. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-energy.2024.100004
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Figure 1.
Energy and exergy increment from reactants to products in an endothermic reaction.
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Figure 2.
Relationships between thermal exergy input and the reaction exergy requirement
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Figure 3.
Correlation of exergy input and exergy requirement in water splitting with electrical and thermal energy
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Figure 4.
Effect of the conversion rate and reaction pressure on the exergy requirement at the temperatures of
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Figure 5.
Exergy conversion in a methane steam reforming (MSR) reaction.
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Figure 6.
Temperature decreasing mechanism of fuel reforming reaction compared with water pyrolysis
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Figure 7.
Variations in Aen as a function of reaction pressure prea and conversion rate under different temperature
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Figure 8.
Equilibrium conversion rate of the water splitting as a function of wavelength λ under different reaction temperature at the total pressure of 1 bar.
