| [1] | FAO. (2022). Global Status of Black Soils, Roma. |
| [2] | Heimsath, A.M., Dietrich, W.E., Nishiizumi, K., and Finkel, R.C. (1997). The soil production function and landscape equilibrium. Nature 388: 358−361. DOI: 10.1038/41056. |
| [3] | Brantley, S.L. (2008). Understanding soil time. Science 321: 1454−1455. DOI: 10.1126/science.1161132. |
| [4] | Eckmeier, E., Gerlach, R., Gehrt, E., and Schmidt, M.W. (2007). Pedogenesis of chernozems in Central Europe — a review. Geoderma 139: 288−299. DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.01.009. |
| [5] | Huntley, D.J., Godfrey-Smith, D.I., and Thewalt, M.L. (1985). Optical dating of sediments. Nature 313: 105−107. DOI: 10.1038/313105a0. |
| [6] | Sierra, C.A., Hoyt, A.M., He, Y., and Trumbore, S.E. (2018). Soil organic matter persistence as a stochastic process: Age and transit time distributions of carbon in soils. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 32: 1574−1588. DOI: 10.1029/2018GB005950. |
| [7] | van der Voort, T.S., Zell, C.I., Hagedorn, F., et al. (2017). Diverse soil carbon dynamics expressed at the molecular level. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44: 11−840. |
| [8] | Hemingway, J.D., Rothman, D.H., Grant, K.E., et al. (2019). Mineral protection regulates long-term global preservation of natural organic carbon. Nature 570: 228−231. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1280-6. |
| [9] | Bateman, M.D., Frederick, C.D., Jaiswal, M.K., and Singhvi, A.K. (2003). Investigations into the potential effects of pedoturbation on luminescence dating. Quat. Sci. Rev. 22: 1169−1176. DOI: 10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00019-2. |
| [10] | Gray, H.J., Keen-Zebert, A., Furbish, D.J., et al. (2020). Depth-dependent soil mixing persists across climate zones. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 117: 8750−8756. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914140117. |
| Zhang G., Long H., and Yang F. (2023). Understanding the formation time of black soils. The Innovation Geoscience 1(1), 100010. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-geo.2023.100010 |
To request copyright permission to republish or share portions of our works, please visit Copyright Clearance Center's (CCC) Marketplace website at marketplace.copyright.com.
Schematic diagram of key processes in black soil formation. The central box illustrates the fine-scale age structure in black soil.