Interactive forces of temperature and topographic uplift shaped the East Asian monsoon rainfall evolution since the Oligocene

Shiming Wan; Debo Zhao; Hualong Jin; Yingying Sha; Zhengguo Shi; Peter D. Clift; Zhimin Jian; Chang Liu; Carlos Alvarez Zarikian; Christian France-Lanord; Zhaojie Yu; Jin Zhang; Wenjun Jiao; Xuebo Yin; Anchun Li

doi:10.59717/j.xinn-geo.2025.100141

The Innovation Geoscience > 2025 Vol. 3 > No. 3 > 100141

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Interactive forces of temperature and topographic uplift shaped the East Asian monsoon rainfall evolution since the Oligocene

1.
Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation and Forecasting, Institute of Oceanology, CAS, Qingdao 266071, China
2.
Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
3.
State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
4.
Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
5.
Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BS, UK
6.
State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
7.
International Ocean Discovery Program, Texas A & M University, College Station TX 77845-9547, USA
8.
Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), UPR 2300, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, 15 Rue de Notre Dame des Pauvres, 54501 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, Cedex, France

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Corresponding authors: wanshiming@ms.qdio.ac.cn (S.W.); zhaodebo@qdio.ac.cn (D.Z.); shizg@ieecas.cn (Z.S.)
Received Date: December 23, 2024

Accepted Date: March 31, 2025

Published Online: April 14, 2025

The Innovation Geoscience 3(3), https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-geo.2025.100141 | Cite this article

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PUBLIC SUMMARY

PUBLIC SUMMARY
1. A 30 Ma monsoon rainfall history of East Asia was reconstructed with weathering records in South China Sea.
  
  Monsoon rainfall was primary driven by global climate but disrupted by Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau uplift.
  
  Monsoon rainfall at the cold Pliocene was comparable with the warm Oligocene due to the topographic uplift.

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

The debate concerning the long-term evolution of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and its governing mechanisms persists, often attributed to either the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau or global temperature changes. This disagreement arises from the scarcity of comprehensive, high-resolution monsoon records. Utilizing continuous sedimentary records from the South China Sea and a weathering-rainfall-temperature regression model, we have quantified the evolution of EASM rainfall in South China since 30 Ma. Our findings indicate that, apart from a notable and sustained increase in monsoon rainfall between approximately 21 and 13 Ma, rainfall patterns generally mirrored global temperature trends, suggesting that global climate change was the primary controlling factor. Based on model simulations, we attribute the anomalous enhanced EASM during ~21‒13 Ma primarily to the dominant influence of the major uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau, with temperature effects playing a limited background role. This topographic change disrupted the close coupling between temperature and rainfall, resulting in a relatively humid and habitable East Asia despite the ongoing global cooling trend since the late Miocene. This study clearly disentangles the roles of long-term temperature regulation and the short-term impacts of Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau uplift on the evolution of the EASM since 30 Ma.
- East Asian monsoon /
- South China Sea /
- Tibetan uplift /
- global cooling /
- quantitative reconstruction

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Wan S., Zhao D., Jin H., et al. (2025). Interactive forces of temperature and topographic uplift shaped the East Asian monsoon rainfall evolution since the Oligocene. The Innovation Geoscience 3:100141. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-geo.2025.100141

Wan S., Zhao D., Jin H., et al. (2025). Interactive forces of temperature and topographic uplift shaped the East Asian monsoon rainfall evolution since the Oligocene. The Innovation Geoscience 3:100141. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-geo.2025.100141

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Interactive forces of temperature and topographic uplift shaped the East Asian monsoon rainfall evolution since the Oligocene

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Interactive forces of temperature and topographic uplift shaped the East Asian monsoon rainfall evolution since the Oligocene

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