Article Contents
REVIEW   Open Access     Cite

From data to action: Wearable AI for personalized proactive health

    Show all affliationsShow less
More Information
  • Corresponding author: yhzhang@shmu.edu.cn
  • DownLoad: Full size image
    1. Wearable artificial intelligence (AI) devices enable real-time health monitoring for proactive care.

      Edge computing processes health data locally on AI devices to protect personal privacy.

      Multimodal fusion enhances the accuracy of health assessment and disease early warning.

      Wearable AI will deeply integrate into healthcare despite sensor and data standardization challenges.

      Wearable AI will offer accessible preventive care to reduce the social burden of chronic diseases.

  • With the advancement of AI and wearable devices, proactive health management has entered a new era. Wearable AI enables real-time physiological monitoring, early disease warning, personalized interventions and remote medical services, greatly enhancing the intelligence of health management. This review systematically summarizes its latest progress in cardiovascular health, metabolic disease diagnosis, respiratory/neonatal monitoring and mental health assessment, emphasizing AI's role in data processing and disease prediction with quantified clinical evidence. It also addresses technological challenges and future directions, providing a theoretical and practical basis for the intelligent application of proactive health management.
  • 加载中
  • [1] Wang Y.P. and Liao P.H. (2024). Enhancing citizen health literacy through digital technology. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 315:687−688. DOI:10.3233/SHTI240280

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [2] Chen P. and Huang K. (2025). The reform path of China's health management system from Singapore's “Health SG” program: Based on the practice and inspiration of prevention. Chin. J. Prev. Med. 59:728−733. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn112150-20241215-01007

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [3] Jiang Y., Guo H., Zhang W., et al. (2022). Gaps and directions in addressing non-communicable and chronic diseases in China: A policy analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 19:9761. DOI:10.3390/ijerph19159761

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [4] Jullien S., Carai S. and Weber M.W. (2024). Addressing the growing burden of obesity, diabetes and asthma in children and adolescents: The role of primary health care and the WHO Pocket book in Europe for a healthy future. Glob. Pediatr. 9:100186. DOI:10.1016/j.gpeds.2024.100186

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [5] Gaínza-Lein M. (2025). Foundations of pediatric lifestyle medicine. Children (Basel) 12:304. DOI:10.3390/children12030304

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [6] Al-Mayahi A.M.M., Al-Jubouri M.B. and Jaafar S.A. (2023). Healthy lifestyle behaviors and risk of cardiovascular diseases among nursing faculty during COVID-19 Pandemic. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 76:e20220372. DOI:10.1590/0034-7167-2022-0372

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [7] Fischer F. and Endter C. (2023). Establishing health-promoting structures in professional long-term care through digitization: Call for a perspective change. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 66:557−561. DOI:10.1007/s00103-023-03686-4

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [8] Sabayan B., Boden-Albala B. and Rost N.S. (2025). An ounce of prevention: The growing need for preventive neurologists. Neurology 105:e213785. DOI:10.1212/WNL.0000000000213785

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [9] Wang R., Veera S.C.M., Asan O., et al. (2024). A systematic review on the use of consumer-based ECG wearables on cardiac health monitoring. IEEE J. Biomed. Health. Inform. 28:6525−6537. DOI:10.1109/JBHI.2024.3456028

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [10] Jafleh E.A., Alnaqbi F.A., Almaeeni H.A., et al. (2024). The role of wearable devices in chronic disease monitoring and patient care: A comprehensive review. Cureus 16:e68921. DOI:10.7759/cureus.68921

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [11] Henschke A., Desborough J., Parkinson A., et al. (2021). Personalizing medicine and technologies to address the experiences and needs of people with multiple sclerosis. J. Pers. Med. 11:791. DOI:10.3390/jpm11080791

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [12] Iqbal S.M.A., Leavitt M.A., Mahgoub I., et al. (2024). Advances in cardiovascular wearable devices. Biosensors (Basel) 14:525. DOI:10.3390/bios14110525

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [13] Terada T., Hausen M., Way K.L., et al. (2025). Wearable devices for exercise prescription and physical activity monitoring in patients with various cardiovascular conditions. CJC Open 7:695−706. DOI:10.1016/j.cjco.2025.02.017

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [14] Anbuselvam B., Gunasekaran B.M., Srinivasan S., et al. (2024). Wearable biosensors in cardiovascular disease. Clin. Chim. Acta 561:119766. DOI:10.1016/j.cca.2024.119766

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [15] Shiwani M.A., Chico T.J., Ciravegna F., et al. (2023). Continuous monitoring of health and mobility indicators in patients with cardiovascular disease: A review of recent technologies. Sensors (Basel) 23:5752. DOI:10.3390/s23125752

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [16] Lodewyk K., Wiebe M., Dennett L., et al. (2025). Wearables research for continuous monitoring of patient outcomes: A scoping review. PLOS Digit. Health 4:e0000860. DOI:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000860

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [17] Sun J.Y., Shen H., Qu Q., et al. (2021). The application of deep learning in electrocardiogram: Where we came from and where we should go. Int. J. Cardiol. 337:71−78. DOI:10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.05.017

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [18] Gao Q., Fu J., Li S., et al. (2023). Applications of transistor-based biochemical sensors. Biosensors (Basel) 13:469. DOI:10.3390/bios13040469

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [19] Liao P.L., Wang Z.H., Tian M., et al. (2025). Application status of machine learning in assisted diagnosis techniques of cardiovascular diseases. Zhongguo Yi Liao Qi Xie Za Zhi 49:24−34. DOI:10.12455/j.issn.1671-7104.240214

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [20] Grün D., Rudolph F., Gumpfer N., et al. (2021). Identifying heart failure in ECG data with artificial intelligence—A meta-analysis. Front. Digit. Health 2:584555. DOI:10.3389/fdgth.2020.584555

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [21] Urtnasan E., Joo E.Y. and Lee K.H. (2021). Ai-enabled algorithm for automatic classification of sleep disorders based on single-lead electrocardiogram. Diagnostics (Basel) 11:2054. DOI:10.3390/diagnostics11112054

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [22] Smith S. and Maisrikrod S. (2025). Wearable electrocardiogram technology: Help or hindrance to the modern doctor. JMIR Cardio 9:e62719. DOI:10.2196/62719

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [23] Ritsert F., Elgendi M., Galli V., et al. (2022). Heart and breathing rate variations as biomarkers for anxiety detection. Bioengineering (Basel) 9:711. DOI:10.3390/bioengineering9110711

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [24] Shumba A.T., Montanaro T., Sergi I., et al. (2023). Wearable technologies and AI at the far edge for chronic heart failure prevention and management: A systematic review and prospects. Sensors (Basel) 23:6896. DOI:10.3390/s23156896

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [25] Cao H. (2022). Application of smart wearable fitness equipment and smart health management based on the improved algorithm. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2022:1654460. DOI:10.1155/2022/1654460

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [26] Shi D., Chen J., Li M., et al. (2025). Closing the loop: Autonomous intelligent control for hypoxia pre-acclimatization and high-altitude health management. Natl. Sci. Rev. 12:nwaf071. DOI:10.1093/nsr/nwaf071

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [27] Sun Y., Wang J., Lu Q., et al. (2024). Stretchable and smart wettable sensing patch with guided liquid flow for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis. ACS Nano 18:2335−2345. DOI:10.1021/acsnano.3c10324.s001

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [28] Hanze M., Piper A. and Hamedi M.M. (2025). Stitched textile-based microfluidics for wearable devices. Lab Chip 25:28−40. DOI:10.1039/d4lc00697f

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [29] Zhu Z., Chen T., Wu Y., et al. (2024). Microfluidic strategies for engineering oxygen-releasing biomaterials. Acta Biomater. 179:61−82. DOI:10.1016/j.actbio.2024.03.032

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [30] Gao B., Jiang J., Zhou S., et al. (2024). Toward the next generation human--machine interaction: Headworn wearable devices. Anal. Chem. 96:10477–10487. DOI:10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01190.

    View in Article Google Scholar

    [31] Garmasukis R., Hackl C., Charvat A., et al. (2023). Rapid prototyping of microfluidic chips enabling controlled biotechnology applications in microspace. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 81:102948. DOI:10.1016/j.copbio.2023.102948

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [32] Muthukumaran R., Subramanyam S.P.B., Mishra S., et al. (2025). Cost-effective microfluidic-based transparency switching glass visibility control: Toward a zero-energy smart window design. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 17:30306−30315. DOI:10.1021/acsami.5c03578

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [33] Riaz I.B., Khan M.A. and Haddad T.C. (2024). Potential application of artificial intelligence in cancer therapy. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 36:437−448. DOI:10.1097/cco.0000000000001068

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [34] Noor J., Chaudhry A. and Batool S. (2023). Microfluidic technology, artificial intelligence, and biosensors as advanced technologies in Cancer screening: A review Article. Cureus 15:e39634. DOI:10.7759/cureus.39634

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [35] Vujosevic S., Limoli C. and Nucci P. (2024). Novel artificial intelligence for diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema: What is new in 2024. Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol. 35:472−479. DOI:10.1097/icu.0000000000001084

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [36] Torborg S.R., Kim A.Y.E. and Rameau A.I.S. (2024). New developments in the application of artificial intelligence to laryngology. Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 32:391−397. DOI:10.1097/MOO.0000000000000999

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [37] Khalili N. and Ciompi F. (2024). Scaling data toward pan-cancer foundation models. Trends Cancer 10:871−872. DOI:10.1016/j.trecan.2024.08.008

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [38] Murray K., Oldfield L., Stefanova I., et al. (2025). Biomarkers, omics and artificial intelligence for early detection of pancreatic cancer. Semin. Cancer Biol. 111:76−88. DOI:10.1016/j.semcancer.2025.02.009

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [39] Krongsut S. and Piriyakhuntorn P. (2024). Unlocking the potential of HB/RDW ratio as a simple marker for predicting mortality in acute ischemic stroke patients after thrombolysis. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. 33:107874. DOI:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.107874

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [40] Winchester L.M., Harshfield E.L., Shi L., et al. (2023). Artificial intelligence for biomarker discovery in Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Alzheimers Dement. 19:5860−5871. DOI:10.1002/alz.13390

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [41] Salami F.O., Muzammel M., Mourchid Y., et al. (2025). Artificial Intelligence non-invasive methods for neonatal jaundice detection: A review. Artif. Intell. Med. 162:103088. DOI:10.1016/j.artmed.2025.103088

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [42] Campbell J.P., Singh P., Redd T.K., et al. (2021). Applications of artificial intelligence for retinopathy of prematurity screening. Pediatrics 147:e2020016618. DOI:10.1542/peds.2020-016618

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [43] Dore H., Aviles-Espinosa R., Luo Z., et al. (2021). Characterisation of textile embedded electrodes for use in a neonatal smart mattress electrocardiography system. Sensors (Basel) 21:999. DOI:10.3390/s21030999

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [44] Young M.L. and Flores L. (2020). Asymptomatic idiopathic belhassen ventricular tachycardia in a neonate detected using ‘smart sock’ wearable smartphone-enabled cardiac monitoring. Am. J. Case Rep. 21:e921092. DOI:10.12659/AJCR.921092

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [45] Te Hennepe N., Steegh V.L., Pouw M.H., et al. (2025). Pulmonary function in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: An explorative study of a wearable smart shirt as a measurement instrument. Spine Deform. 13:101−110. DOI:10.1007/s43390-024-00938-4

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [46] Qiu C., Wu F., Han W., et al. (2022). A wearable bioimpedance chest patch for real-time ambulatory respiratory monitoring. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 69:2970−2981. DOI:10.1109/TBME.2022.3158544

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [47] Huang N., Zhou M., Bian D., et al. (2021). Novel continuous respiratory rate monitoring using an armband wearable sensor. In 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (IEEE) pp:7470–7475. DOI:10.1109/EMBC46164.2021.9630025

    View in Article Google Scholar

    [48] Abimansour J.P., Kaur J., Velaga S., et al. (2024). Accuracy and role of consumer facing wearable technology for continuous monitoring during endoscopic procedures. Front. Digit. Health 6:1422929. DOI:10.3389/fdgth.2024.1422929

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [49] Al-Beltagi M., Saeed N.K., Bediwy A.S., et al. (2024). Pulse oximetry in pediatric care: Balancing advantages and limitations. World J. Clin. Pediatr. 13:96950. DOI:10.5409/wjcp.v13.i3.96950

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [50] Wei J.C., Van Den Broek T.J., Van Baardewijk J.U., et al. (2024). Validation and user experience of a dry electrode based Health Patch for heart rate and respiration rate monitoring. Sci. Rep. 14:23098. DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-73557-8

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [51] Robinson T., Condell J., Ramsey E., et al. (2023). Self-management of subclinical common mental health disorders (anxiety, depression and sleep disorders) using wearable devices. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 20:2636. DOI:10.3390/ijerph20032636

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [52] Hunkin H., King D.L. and Zajac I.T. (2020). Perceived acceptability of wearable devices for the treatment of mental health problems. J. Clin. Psychol. 76:987−1003. DOI:10.1002/jclp.22934

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [53] Golden A. and Aboujaoude E. (2024). Describing the framework for AI tool assessment in mental health and applying it to a generative AI obsessive-compulsive disorder platform: Tutorial. JMIR Form. Res. 8:e62963. DOI:10.2196/62963

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [54] Li K., Cardoso C., Moctezuma-Ramirez A., et al. (2023). Heart rate variability measurement through a smart wearable device: Another breakthrough for personal health monitoring. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 20:7146. DOI:10.3390/ijerph20247146

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [55] Ahmed A., Aziz S., Alzubaidi M., et al. (2023). Wearable devices for anxiety & depression: A scoping review. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. Update 3:100095. DOI:10.1016/j.cmpbup.2023.100095

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [56] Mohrag M., Mojiri M.E., Hakami M.S., et al. (2024). The impact of wearable technologies on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus 16:e71220. DOI:10.7759/cureus.71220

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [57] Wang Y., Tan J., Zhao J., et al. (2025). Wearable devices as tools for better hypertension management in elderly patients. Med. Sci. Monit. 31:e946079. DOI:10.12659/MSM.946079

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [58] Kario K. (2020). Management of hypertension in the digital era: Small wearable monitoring devices for remote blood pressure monitoring. Hypertension 76:640−650. DOI:10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14742

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [59] Wang C., He T., Zhou H., et al. (2023). Artificial intelligence enhanced sensors-enabling technologies to next-generation healthcare and biomedical platform. Bioelectron. Med. 9:17. DOI:10.1186/s42234-023-00118-1

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [60] Brasier N., Wang J., Gao W., et al. (2024). Applied body-fluid analysis by wearable devices. Nature 636:57−68. DOI:10.1038/s41586-024-08249-4

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [61] Alanzi T.M. (2021). Gig health vs eHealth: Future prospects in Saudi Arabian health-care system. J. Multidiscip. Healthc. 14:1945−1953. DOI:10.2147/JMDH.S304690

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [62] Liu G., Zhang J., Chan A.B., et al. (2024). Human attention guided explainable artificial intelligence for computer vision models. Neural Netw. 177:106392. DOI:10.1016/j.neunet.2024.106392

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [63] Stodt J., Reich C. and Knahl M. (2024). Demystifying XAI: Requirements for understandable XAI explanations. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 316:565−569. DOI:10.3233/SHTI240477

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [64] Chanda T., Haggenmueller S., Bucher T.C., et al. (2025). Dermatologist-like explainable AI enhances melanoma diagnosis accuracy: Eye-tracking study. Nat. Commun. 16:4739. DOI:10.1038/s41467-025-59532-5

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [65] Jung J., Lee H., Jung H., et al. (2023). Essential properties and explanation effectiveness of explainable artificial intelligence in healthcare: A systematic review. Heliyon 9:e16110. DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16110

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [66] Hasenfuß G., Schuster A., Bergau L., et al. (2024). Präzisionsmedizin vertieft die personalisierte Medizin in der Kardiologie. Inn. Med. (Heidelb) 65:239−247. DOI:10.1007/s00108-024-01663-w

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [67] Indrayan A. (2023). Personalized statistical medicine. Indian J. Med. Res. 157:104−108. DOI:10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1510_22

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [68] Sadee W., Wang D., Hartmann K., et al. (2023). Pharmacogenomics: Driving personalized medicine. Pharmacol. Rev. 75:789−814. DOI:10.1124/pharmrev.122.000810

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [69] Loersch A.M., Jung J., Lange S., et al. (2024). Personalized medicine in oncology. Pathologie (Heidelb) 45:180−189. DOI:10.1007/s00292-024-01315-8

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [70] Natalucci V., Marmondi F., Biraghi M., et al. (2023). The effectiveness of wearable devices in non-communicable diseases to manage physical activity and nutrition: Where we are. Nutrients 15:913. DOI:10.3390/nu15040913

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [71] Tangwangvivat R., Rungsitiyakorn R., Hoonaukit C., et al. (2024). Collective activities of the Thai Coordinating Unit for One Health (CUOH): Past activities and future directions. One Health 18:100728. DOI:10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100728

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [72] Song P., Andre M., Chitnis P., et al. (2023). Clinical, safety, and engineering perspectives on wearable ultrasound technology: A review. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 71:730−744. DOI:10.1109/TUFFC.2023.3342150

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [73] Babu M., Lautman Z., Lin X., et al. (2024). Wearable devices: Implications for precision medicine and the future of health care. Annu. Rev. Med. 75:401−415. DOI:10.1146/annurev-med-052422-020437

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [74] Zheng X., Liu Z., Liu J., et al. (2025). Advancing sports cardiology: Integrating artificial intelligence with wearable devices for cardiovascular health management. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 17:17895−17920. DOI:10.1021/acsami.4c22895

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [75] Yang Y., Ding L., Xiao J., et al. (2022). Current status and applications for hydraulic pump fault diagnosis: A review. Sensors 22:9714. DOI:10.3390/s22249714

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

    [76] Liang W.J., Dong Y.H., Li Y.B., et al. (2021). Biological characterization and regulation of soil health. , J. Appl. Ecol. 32:719−728. DOI:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202102.041

    View in Article CrossRef Google Scholar

  • Cite this article:

    Liu G., Ma W., Zhang H., et al. (2026). From data to action: Wearable AI for personalized proactive health. The Innovation Medicine 4:100209. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-med.2026.100209
    Liu G., Ma W., Zhang H., et al. (2026). From data to action: Wearable AI for personalized proactive health. The Innovation Medicine 4:100209. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-med.2026.100209

Welcome!

To request copyright permission to republish or share portions of our works, please visit Copyright Clearance Center's (CCC) Marketplace website at marketplace.copyright.com.

Figures(6)     Tables(3)

Share

  • Share the QR code with wechat scanning code to friends and circle of friends.

Article Metrics

Article views(6627) PDF downloads(1554)

Relative Articles

Cited by

Catalog

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint