Functional interaction pattern from solely circadian rhythm disturbance to circadian rhythm sleep disorder

Hanchun Jiang; Tieyan Tan; Lijun An; Zhiyuan Chen; Yipeng Cheng; Haiyan Gui; Baichun Wei; Chunzhi Yi

doi:10.59717/j.xinn-med.2026.100214

The Innovation Medicine > 2026 Vol. 4 > No. 2 > 100214

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Functional interaction pattern from solely circadian rhythm disturbance to circadian rhythm sleep disorder

1.
School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
2.
Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450003, China
3.
Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund 22362, Sweden
4.
School of Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia
5.
Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
6.
Department of Radiology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin, Harbin 150026, China
7.
Institute for Neural Information Processing, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg 20251, Germany
8.
These authors contributed equally

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Corresponding authors: 704737954@qq.com (H.G.); bcwei@hit.edu.cn (B.W.); chunzhiyi@hit.edu.cn (C.Y.)
Received Date: June 25, 2025

Accepted Date: April 17, 2026

Published Online: April 18, 2026

The Innovation Medicine 4(2), https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-med.2026.100214 | Cite this article

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PUBLIC SUMMARY
1. Circadian rhythm disturbance to sleep disorder neural trajectory remains unexplored in neuroimaging.
  
  This MRI study enrolled 77 participants across three groups and applied a Hopf whole-brain model.
  
  Hypothalamus bifurcation perturbation reproduced functional connectivity of healthy controls and patients.
  
  fMRI showed anterior cingulate cortex activation declined only in circadian sleep disorder.
  
  Lagged functional connectivity showed basal forebrain preceded ACC in healthy controls, a pattern disrupted.

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

The coupling between sleep-awake and dark-light cycles has played an important role in understanding external and internal biological clocks. However, how functional patterns of brain regions involved in these two coupled cycles deteriorate from circadian rhythm disturbance to circadian rhythm sleep disorder remains largely unexplored in neuroimaging research. In this study, we built a whole-brain computational framework based on the well-established Hopf model and collected multimodal brain imaging data from 77 participants. We investigated how the activation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the functional connectivity between the hypothalamus (HT) and basal forebrain (BF) vary across three groups: healthy controls (HC), subjects with isolated circadian rhythm disturbance (SCO), and subjects with circadian rhythm sleep disorders (SCW). We also studied how variations in the oscillatory patterns of the hypothalamus may contribute to these observed functional differences. We found that altering the bifurcation parameter of the hypothalamus node within the Hopf model, fitted to the functional connectivity of SCO, could reproduce the empirical patterns observed in HC and SCW. In addition to revealing progressive impairments in ACC activation and HT–BF functional connectivity, we further validated the model by demonstrating that the temporal dynamics of HT and BF precede those of ACC, and that these dynamics become increasingly disrupted from SCO to SCW. These findings enhance the mechanistic understanding of circadian rhythm disturbance and circadian rhythm sleep disorder, and elucidate the pathological progression in fMRI patterns from isolated circadian disruption to full circadian rhythm sleep disorder.

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Jiang H., Tan T., An L., et al. (2026). Functional interaction pattern from solely circadian rhythm disturbance to circadian rhythm sleep disorder. The Innovation Medicine 4:100214. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-med.2026.100214

Jiang H., Tan T., An L., et al. (2026). Functional interaction pattern from solely circadian rhythm disturbance to circadian rhythm sleep disorder. The Innovation Medicine 4:100214. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-med.2026.100214

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Functional interaction pattern from solely circadian rhythm disturbance to circadian rhythm sleep disorder

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