| [1] | IRENA. (2023). World energy transitions outlook 2023: 1.5°C pathway. Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency. https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2023/Jun/IRENA_World_energy_transitions_outlook_2023.pdf |
| [2] | Battersby S. (2023). How to expand solar power without using precious land. PNAS 120:e2301355120. DOI:10.1073/pnas.2301355120 |
| [3] | Hernandez R. R., Hoffacker M. K., Murphy-Mariscal M. L., et al. (2015). Solar energy development impacts on land cover change and protected areas. PNAS 112:13579−13584. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1517656112 |
| [4] | Zhang N., Duan H., Shan Y., et al. (2023). Booming solar energy is encroaching on cropland. Nat. Geo. 16:932-934. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01304-1 |
| [5] | Kruitwagen L., Story K.T., Friedrich J., et al. (2021). A global inventory of photovoltaic solar energy generating units. Nature 598:604–610. DOI:10.1038/s41586-021-03957-7 |
| [6] | Zhang X., Liu L., Chen X., et al. (2021). GLC_FCS30: Global land-cover product with fine classification system at 30 m using time-series Landsat imagery. ESSD 13:2753–2776. DOI:10.5194/essd-13-2753-2021 |
| [7] | CIESIN. (2018). Gridded population of the world, version 4 (GPWv4): Population count, revision 11. NASA SEDAC. DOI:10.7927/H4JW8BX5 |
| [8] | Barron-Gafford G.A., Pavao-Zuckerman M.A., Minor R.L., et al. (2019). Agrivoltaics provide mutual benefits across the food–energy–water nexus in drylands. Nat. Sustain. 2:848–855. DOI:10.1038/s41893-019-0364-5 |
| [9] | Yang S., Zhang Y., Tian D., et al. (2024). Water-surface photovoltaic systems have affected water physical and chemical properties and biodiversity. Commun. Earth Environ. 5:1–12. DOI:10.1038/s43247-024-01811-y |
| [10] | Wu S., Liu M. and Jen A.K.Y. (2023). Prospects and challenges for perovskite-organic tandem solar cells. Joule 7:484−502. DOI:10.1016/j.joule.2023.02.014 |
| Wei S., Chen Y. and Zeng Z. (2025). An unexpectedly large proportion of photovoltaic facilities installed on cropland. The Innovation Energy 2:100070. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-energy.2024.100070 |
To request copyright permission to republish or share portions of our works, please visit Copyright Clearance Center's (CCC) Marketplace website at marketplace.copyright.com.
Different land-cover types converted for solar energy use by 2018.