Echinacea purpurea-derived homogeneous polysaccharide exerts anti-tumor efficacy via facilitating M1 macrophage polarization
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Echinacea purpurea modulates tumor progression, but the underlying mechanism is poorly defined. We isolated and purified a novel homogeneous polysaccharide from E. purpurea (EPPA), which was shown to be an arabinogalactan with a mean molecular mass (Mr) of 3.8 × 104 Da and with α- (1 → 5) -L-Arabinan as the backbone and α-L-Araf-(1→, →6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, and →4)-α-D-GalpA-(1→ as the side chains. Interestingly, oral administration of EPPA suppresses tumor progression in vivo and shapes the immune cell profile (e.g., facilitating M1 macrophages) in tumor microenvironment by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis.
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