All-temperature area battery application mechanism, performance, and strategies

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

The immune system plays a crucial role in host defense against tumors. Antitumor responses mainly rely on activated CD8+ T cells recognizing tumor antigens. In addition, innate immune cells are pivotal in eliminating tumors. Despite the immune system aiming to eliminate tumor cells, tumor cells with reduced immunogenicity in an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (that is, one that includes immunosuppressive cells and immunosuppression-related molecules) can escape T cell attack. Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy can overcome immune escape and provide significant benefits to patients, and its application has revolutionized the field of tumor therapy. However, despite ICI effectiveness, most patients have a poor response to ICIs (primary resistance), and some patients who initially respond develop resistance after a period of treatment (secondary resistance), highlighting the necessity to explore novel treatment strategies to enhance the anticancer potency of immunotherapies.

RNA modification, a crucial epigenetic change, has become a research hotspot since its discovery in the 1950s.1 To date, more than 100 chemical modifications of RNA have been identified;2 these modifications include methylation to generate N1-methyladenosine (m1A),3 N6-methyladenosine (m6A),4 5-methylcytosine (m5C),5 and N7-methylguanosine (m7G);6 RNA cap methylation;7 pseudouridine formation;8 and uridylation.9 The enzymes that catalyze the addition and removal of these modifications from RNA are called “writers” and “erasers,” respectively, and the RNA-binding proteins that identify modified RNA modifications are called “readers.” All types of RNA modifications are regulated by “readers,” “writers,” and “erasers.” These modifications play multifunctional roles in the RNA life cycle, affecting factors such as translation efficiency, transcript stabilization, pre-mRNA splicing, nuclear export, and mRNA storage under stress. Hence, RNA modifications affect a wide range of physiological and pathological processes.