Challenges and solutions for global plastic governance

Plastic pollution has emerged as a critical global environmental threat, relentlessly suffocating ecosystems worldwide. Despite continuous regional efforts to combat the problem, the crisis continues to escalate, with global plastic production projected to reach 1,100 Mt by 2050 (Figure 1A). This alarming forecast underscores the urgent need for a comprehensive approach that tackles the entire life cycle of plastics, from raw material extraction to disposal. Major actions to mitigate the problem include reducing production and consumption, promoting reuse and recycling, and enhancing the replacement of plastics with eco-friendly alternatives (Figures 1 B and 1C). Notwithstanding a clear path forward and ongoing regional initiatives, the lack of significant progress calls for global policy intervention.1 In response, delegates from 175 countries adopted a historic resolution at the United Nations (UN) Environment Assembly (UNEA 5.2) to establish a legally binding international agreement to end plastic pollution, including in the marine environment. The resolution mandated the UN Environment Program Executive Director to convene an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) to develop the treaty. Consequently, negotiators have met five times (INC-1 to INC-5.1) over the past two years. While these meetings have shown broad consensus among countries, multiple challenges continue to hinder global plastic governance (Figure 1D), highlighting the compelling case for immediate policy engagement.