The role of extratumoral and intratumoral microorganisms in cancer immunotherapy

Yurong Du; Lei Liu; Wang Ma; Weiliang Yan; Wenhao Mao; Yabing Du; Kang Cui; Pu Yu; Zhen Li; Philippe Joseph Sansonetti; Yi-Zhou Gao; Huan Zhao

doi:10.59717/j.xinn-life.2023.100016

The Innovation Life > 2023 Vol. 1 > No. 2 > 100016

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The role of extratumoral and intratumoral microorganisms in cancer immunotherapy

1.
Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
2.
Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
3.
Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital & Central China Branch of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou 451464, China
4.
The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
5.
Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
6.
These authors contributed equally

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Corresponding authors: gaoyizhou@126.com (Y.-Z.G.); zhaohuan912@126.com (H.Z.)
Received Date: April 03, 2023

Accepted Date: June 08, 2023

Published Online: July 13, 2023

The Innovation Life 1(2), https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-life.2023.100016 | Cite this article

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GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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PUBLIC SUMMARY

PUBLIC SUMMARY
1. Human microorganisms are distributed inside and outside tumors.
  
  Gut microbiome regulates immune cells and affects anti-tumor immunotherapy.
  
  Intratumoral bacteria promote tumor development.
  
  Intratumoral bacteria activate immune cells to enhance immunotherapy efficacy.
  
  Engineered bacteria accurately target tumor sites to deliver therapeutic vectors.

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

Microbiome is ubiquitous in human and distributed in not only normal organs such as gut, but also in tumor tissues of the host. Numerous studies have proven that the extratumoral microbiota (mainly gut microbiota) has a close relationship with the local and systemic immune systems of the host. The bacteria, viruses and fungi in gut can influence the activity of innate and adaptive immune cells, affecting the outcomes of immunotherapy. In addition to microbiota in the gut, special microbiota (intratumoral microbiota) exists in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which provides a critical niche for anaerobic or facultative anaerobic bacteria to colonize and proliferate. Intratumoral microorganisms or their metabolites can substantially improve the immunosuppressive of the TME, reactivate immune cells, or recruit activated immune cells, indicating a potential effect on immunotherapy. Furthermore, with the development of synthetic biology, some tumor-targeting bacteria can be used as a biological chassis for the accurate delivery of different immunotherapeutic agents to tumor core through genetic programming technologies, enriching immunotherapy paradigms. In this review, we summarize the recent developments in effect of human microbiota, especially microorganisms in the TME, on immunoregulation, and discuss their potential application in the field of cancer immunotherapy. We also describe the ways to take advantage of genetically engineered bacteria targeting the TME to strengthen the efficacy of immunotherapy against cancer. Additionally, the remaining questions and further directions for microbiota application in immunotherapy are also discussed.

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Du Y., Liu L., Ma W., et al., (2023). The role of extratumoral and intratumoral microorganisms in cancer immunotherapy. The Innovation Life 1(2), 100016. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-life.2023.100016

Du Y., Liu L., Ma W., et al., (2023). The role of extratumoral and intratumoral microorganisms in cancer immunotherapy. The Innovation Life 1(2), 100016. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-life.2023.100016

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