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GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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PUBLIC SUMMARY
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Magnetic refrigeration is a key enabling technology for hydrogen as an energy vector.
Adequate material selection is crucial for this application.
A critical review of over 400 magnetocaloric compounds is provided.
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ABSTRACT
The expected energy transition to hydrogen gas as a greener energy vector has revived the interest in magnetic refrigeration at the cryogenic range, specifically between 20 and 80 K, with the vision to develop a new generation of hydrogen gas liquefiers. From the materials science point of view, the search for magnetocaloric materials containing mainly non-critical elements with a significant response in that temperature range, together with good cyclability and stability, is a challenging task. Given the increasing interest of the research community on this topic, we aim to establish a comprehensive catalog of the magnetocaloric compounds characterized so far, to be used as a starting point for further research. For this purpose, a systematic outlook of the state of the art is presented here, with the analysis and classification of more than 400 cryogenic magnetocaloric materials, divided into five large families according to their physicochemical properties. Moreover, we provide detailed information about their magnetocaloric properties, magnetic behavior, and transition characteristics together with criticality, which will facilitate the future search for optimal compounds. -
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REFERENCES
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Romero-Muñiz C., Law J.Y., Revuelta-Losada J., et al., (2023). Magnetocaloric materials for hydrogen liquefaction. The Innovation Materials 1(3), 100045. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-mater.2023.100045
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Romero-Muñiz C., Law J.Y., Revuelta-Losada J., et al., (2023). Magnetocaloric materials for hydrogen liquefaction. The Innovation Materials 1(3), 100045. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-mater.2023.100045
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Figure 1.
An ideal magnetocaloric Carnot cycle operating between the temperatures of liquid nitrogen (hot reservoir) and liquid hydrogen (cold reservoir)
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Figure 2.
Classification of the cryogenic magnetocaloric materials analyzed in this review
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Figure 3.
Magnetocaloric response for some promising binary intermetallic materials as well as some examples of representative crystal structures
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Figure 4.
$ \Delta {\mathit{S}}_{\mathbf{i}\mathbf{s}\mathbf{o}} $ -
Figure 5.
Magnetocaloric response for some promising non-metallic materials
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Figure 6.
Conventional and rotary magnetocaloric response for some promising oxides
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Figure 7.
Magnetocaloric amorphous materials
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Figure 8.
Performance comparison for 5 T considering the weighed criticality supply risk index
