Towards energy-autonomous wearables: Multimodal harvesting technologies and sustainable applications

Zhengtong Yao; Zhihao Guan; Shuai Zhang; Jianwen Zeng; Xiaotian Zhang; Zhenhua Wu; Zhiyu Hu

doi:10.59717/j.xinn-mater.2025.100143

The Innovation Materials > 2025 Vol. 3 > No. 3 > 100143

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Towards energy-autonomous wearables: Multimodal harvesting technologies and sustainable applications

1.
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
2.
Institute of NanoMicroEnergy, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201203, China
3.
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
4.
School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
5.
School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
6.
These authors contributed equally

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Corresponding authors: E-mail: wuzhenhua@sjtu.edu.cn (W.H.); zhiyuhu@sjtu.edu.cn (Z.H.)
Received Date: February 25, 2025

Accepted Date: June 03, 2025

Published Online: June 10, 2025

The Innovation Materials 3(3), https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-mater.2025.100143 | Cite this article

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PUBLIC SUMMARY

PUBLIC SUMMARY
1. This review summarizes the principles of self-powered technologies.
  
  The challenges and solutions faced by self-powered wearable electronics are introduced.
  
  The latest applications of self-powered wearable electronics are showcased in the fields.
  
  The development prospects of self-powered wearable devices are discussed.

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

The integration of wearable electronics into daily life is revolutionizing personalized healthcare, environmental sensing, and human-machine interfaces. The global market for wearable electronics was valued at approximately $70–80 billion in 2023. By 2029, the scale will reach $138.5 billion. However, the reliance on rigid and short-lifespan batteries severely limit their adaptability and sustainability. Self-powered systems capable of harvesting ambient energy from both environmental sources (light and moisture) and human biomechanics (thermal gradients, motion, and biofluids) represent a paradigm shift toward autonomous and eco-friendly wearable devices. This review systematically classifies and compares six key energy harvesting technologies, i.e., solar cells, moisture-enabled/thermoelectric/triboelectric/piezoelectric generators, and biofuel cells, summarizing their working principles and analyze the issues they face when used in wearable devices, such as improving energy output, flexible manufacturing, and mechanical stability. In addition, we focus on three application scenarios: environmental monitoring, human applications, and human-computer interaction, introducing emerging applications spanning such as real-time PM2.5 detection, self-powered cardiac pacemakers, and deep-sea exploration robots, etc., demonstrating how energy autonomy intersects with global sustainability goals. This review provides a roadmap for transforming laboratory innovation into market ready solutions. Ultimately, the convergence of Adv. Mater., Al-driven design, and circular economy principles outlined here will accelerate the development of next-generation wearable electronics that seamlessly adapt to both human and environmental dynamics.
- self-powered generators /
- wearable electronics /
- energy harvester /
- all-day power generation

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Yao Z., Guan Z., Zhang S., et al. (2025). Towards energy-autonomous wearables: Multimodal harvesting technologies and sustainable applications. The Innovation Materials 3:100143. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-mater.2025.100143

Yao Z., Guan Z., Zhang S., et al. (2025). Towards energy-autonomous wearables: Multimodal harvesting technologies and sustainable applications. The Innovation Materials 3:100143. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-mater.2025.100143

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