| [1] | Reardon S. (2025). Beyond lab animals. Science 389:676-679. DOI:10.1126/science.aeb3933 |
| [2] | Zhao Y., Landau S., Okhovatian S., et al. (2024). Integrating organoids and organ-on-a-chip devices. Nat. Rev. Bioeng. 2:588−608. DOI:10.1038/s44222-024-00207-z |
| [3] | Han X., Cai C., Deng W., et al. (2024). Landscape of human organoids: Ideal model in clinics and research. The Innovation 5:1−18. DOI:10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100620 |
| [4] | Kagan B.J., Kitchen A.C., Tran N.T., et al. (2022). In vitro neurons learn and exhibit sentience when embodied in a simulated game-world. Neuron 110:3952−3969.e3958. DOI:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.09.001 |
| [5] | Li S., Liu Y., Hua S., et al. (2025). Advanced brain-on-a-chip for wetware computing: A review. Adv. Sci. 12:e08120. DOI:10.1002/advs.202508120 |
| Lu X., He J., Zhang H., et al. (2026). AI-powered organoids and organ chips: Advancing human-specific models for biomedical research. The Innovation Medicine 4:100186. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-med.2026.100186 |
To request copyright permission to republish or share portions of our works, please visit Copyright Clearance Center's (CCC) Marketplace website at marketplace.copyright.com.
AI-enabled New Alternative Methods (NAMs), such as organoids and organ chips, could leverage computational intelligence to advance drug development, precision medicine, and future biomedical extensions.