Cancer cell membranes, tumor extracellular vesicles, and subcellular organelle targeting as promising biomimetic drug delivery systems

Yan Chen; Hongtao Xiao; Hongwei Zhang; Nanxi Xiang; Chengyu Wu; Daniel Scherman; Sanjun Shi; Wei Tao

doi:10.59717/j.xinn-drugdisc.2026.100034

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Cancer cell membranes, tumor extracellular vesicles, and subcellular organelle targeting as promising biomimetic drug delivery systems

1.
Department of Pharmacy/Anesthesia, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
2.
Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China
3.
Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
4.
College of pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518000, China
5.
Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Inserm, UTCBS, Paris 75006, France

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Corresponding authors: xiaohongtao@scszlyy.org.cn (H.X.); wuchengyu@hit.edu.cn (C.W.); daniel.scherman@fondation-maladiesrares.com (D.S.); shisanjuns@163.com (S.S.)
Received Date: February 02, 2026

Accepted Date: July 27, 2026

Published Online: September 01, 2026

The Innovation Drug Discovery https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-drugdisc.2026.100034 | Cite this article

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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PUBLIC SUMMARY

PUBLIC SUMMARY
1. CCMs and TEVs provide biomimetic platforms with complementary advantages in tumor targeting and biocompatibility.
  
  Hybrid membrane systems synergistically enhance circulation, immune evasion, and antitumor efficacy.
  
  Subcellular organelle targeting integrated with membrane systems enables sequential precision delivery.

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

Conventional chemotherapy suffers from severe off-target toxicity and suboptimal efficacy. This review systematically summaries cancer cell membranes (CCMs), tumor extracellular vesicles (TEVs), and subcellular organelle targeting as biomimetic advanced drug delivery systems (ADDS) for precision cancer therapy. CCMs exhibit unique homotypic targeting, immune evasion, and enhanced tumor accumulation, while hybrid membrane systems further improve circulation and targeting specificity. TEVs, particularly exosomes, offer naturally occurring nanoscale carriers with inherent biocompatibility and intercellular communication capabilities. We critically compare the lipid and protein compositions between CCMs and TEVs, and explore emerging applications in metastasis inhibition, multidrug resistance reversal, and antitumor immunity. Beyond membrane-based strategies, we investigate mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and nucleus targeting for precise intracellular drug delivery. The review identifies critical gaps in standardized isolation protocols and lipid-mediated recognition mechanisms, proposing that hybrid systems integrating CCMs, TEVs, and organelle-targeting moieties represent the future direction for translating precision nanomedicine from bench to bedside.
- Cancer cell membrane /
- Tumor extracellular vesicles /
- Exosomes /
- Subcellular organelle targeting /
- Biomimetic nanotechnology /
- Homotypic targeting

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Chen Y., Xiao H., Zhang H., et al. (2026). Cancer cell membranes, tumor extracellular vesicles, and subcellular organelle targeting as promising biomimetic drug delivery systems. The Innovation Drug Discovery 1:100034. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-drugdisc.2026.100034

Chen Y., Xiao H., Zhang H., et al. (2026). Cancer cell membranes, tumor extracellular vesicles, and subcellular organelle targeting as promising biomimetic drug delivery systems. The Innovation Drug Discovery 1:100034. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-drugdisc.2026.100034

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