Reinspecting and offsetting lifecycle carbon with advanced materials in buildings for smart cities
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GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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PUBLIC SUMMARY
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A cross-scale material-component-system framework underpins smart city decarbonization; revised LCA integrating carbon elimination and offsetting is required for quantitative carbon governance guidance.
This work establishes a multi-scale nano-to-macro framework to offset building lifecycle carbon via energy transition, renewable systems, multi-energy storage and optimized building design.
It updates the LCA methodology by incorporating CCS and afforestation carbon sinks, quantifying the function, mechanism and priority of diverse carbon neutralization strategies.
The study identifies key carbon reduction bottlenecks and delivers targeted roadmaps, industrial initiatives and policy tools for China’s building and energy chains to achieve 2060 carbon neutrality.
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ABSTRACT
A cross-scale ‘material-component-system’ framework is essential for climate change adaption, zero-carbon and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of smart cities, whereas reinspecting lifecycle analysis (LCA) approach with carbon emission elimination and off-setting is highly necessary to provide stage-based quantifiable guidelines and initiatives. In this study, offsetting lifecycle carbon emissions in buildings was conducted through an innovative nano/micro/meso/macro-scale framework with cross-disciplinary mechanisms, such as electrification/hydrogenation transitions, consistent carbon database/standardization, passive/active designs, decentralised renewable unit, hybrid thermal-electrical-gas storages, advanced energy conversion and management, among others. Afterward, a reinspection of LCA approach is proposed with advanced carbon elimination and off-setting strategies (e.g., carbon capture and storage, photosynthesis conversion through tree planting and afforestation). Fundamental roles, underlying mechanisms and priority sequence of each strategy in carbon-neutrality are specifically quantified, together with bottlenecks and challenges. Finally, a roadmap, and initiatives and policy actions are provided in the building sectors and the entire energy supply chain in China, with carbon-positive and carbon-negative strategies for carbon neutrality in China by 2060. -
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Zhou Y., Song A., Dan Z., et al. (2026). Reinspecting and offsetting lifecycle carbon with advanced materials in buildings for smart cities. The Innovation Energy 3:100170. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-energy.2026.100170
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Zhou Y., Song A., Dan Z., et al. (2026). Reinspecting and offsetting lifecycle carbon with advanced materials in buildings for smart cities. The Innovation Energy 3:100170. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-energy.2026.100170
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Content
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Figure 1.
Grid-connected PV capacity in EU and the United Kingdom by 2020:24
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Figure 2.
An overview of the lifecycle-based techno-economic-environmental performance of district energy systems
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Figure 3.
An overall framework of the research methodology for carbon-neutrality transition of energy districts.
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Figure 4.
Demonstration of (A) negative, net-zero and positive energy districts; (B) lifecycle carbon-negative, carbon-neutral and carbon-positive districts.
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Figure 5.
An overview on outlooks and multidisciplinary research for carbon-neutrality transition.
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Figure 6.
Roadmap, initiatives and policy actions to achieve
2060 carbon neutrality in China:223-229
