Viral spillover among diverse animals in the water environment: Risks, mechanisms, and prevention
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PUBLIC SUMMARY
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Frequent viral spillover (cross-species transmission) severe harm aquaculture and aquatic ecosystems.
Modelling spillover dynamics builds radial maps illustrating pathogenic aquatic-animal viral spillover.
Systematic mapping of viral spillover barriers and transmission routes can help uncover their underlying drivers.
Construct a prevention and control framework integrating multi-source data and multidisciplinary approaches.
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ABSTRACT
Viruses are ubiquitous, immensely diverse and vast biomass, forming a pivotal engine of global biogeochemical cycles. However, the frequent outbreak of viral pathogens in aquatic animals poses a serious threat to aquaculture industry, aquatic ecosystems, and environment. It devastates aquaculture industries, drives water quality deterioration through the perturbation of viral ecological functions, and ultimately endangering security of aquatic ecosystems. “Viral spillover in aquatic animals” denotes the cross-species transmission of viruses that can ignite widespread disease outbreaks and cascading ecological impacts in both farmed and wild aquatic animals. While viral spillover involving humans and land animals has received focus, viral spillover in aquaculture remains noticeably missing from global discourse. Thus, the emergence and spillover of novel viruses in aquatic animal loom as a paramount, decades challenge for the global aquaculture sector. To address this challenge, this review focuses on elucidating the diversity, complexity, and ubiquity of spillover of aquatic animal viruses. By simulating spillover dynamics, it constructs radial maps depicting the diffusion of aquatic animal viruses; analyzes representative cases to decipher relevant determinants; deconstructs the viral spillover process to reveal underlying driving mechanisms; and on risk identification and mechanistic analysis, builds an integrated prevention framework that synthesizes multi-source data and multidisciplinary approaches, thereby supporting precise and forward-looking decision-making for health security of aquatic animals and ecosystems. -
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REFERENCES
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Zhang Q.-Y., Ke F. and Gui J.-F. (2026). Viral spillover among diverse animals in the water environment: Risks, mechanisms, and prevention. The Innovation Water 1:100014. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.tiw.2026.100014
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Zhang Q.-Y., Ke F. and Gui J.-F. (2026). Viral spillover among diverse animals in the water environment: Risks, mechanisms, and prevention. The Innovation Water 1:100014. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.tiw.2026.100014
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Figure 1.
Radial schematic of aquatic animal virus spillover
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Figure 2.
Schematic of ranavirus spillover from different aquatic animals
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Figure 3.
Schematic diagram of viral spillover process
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Figure 4.
A framework for virus spillover warning, monitoring and preparedness
