Environmental steroid hormones in aquatic systems: Biogeochemical dynamics, mixture risks, and sustainable mitigation

Hang Yang; Qi Feng; Yadong Tang; Lei Wang; Shibin Xia; Zhenbin Wu; Mildred Quintana; Bin Wang; Yi Zhang

doi:10.59717/j.tiw.2026.100015

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Environmental steroid hormones in aquatic systems: Biogeochemical dynamics, mixture risks, and sustainable mitigation

1.
State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
2.
School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic university, Shenzhen 518055, China
3.
Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
4.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
5.
CICSaB, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Ave. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas de San Luis, San Luis Potosi 78216, Mexico
6.
State Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

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Corresponding authors: wangleicraes@163.com (L.W.); zhangyi@ihb.ac.cn (Y.Z.)
Received Date: March 10, 2026

Accepted Date: July 13, 2026

Published Online: July 20, 2026

The Innovation Water https://doi.org/10.59717/j.tiw.2026.100015 | Cite this article

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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PUBLIC SUMMARY

PUBLIC SUMMARY
1. Steroid hormones enter and persist in waters via wastewater, manure runoff, and airborne particles.
  
  Conjugated forms and transformation products can be missed, while mixtures can amplify pollution risks.
  
  These pollutants can disrupt reproduction in aquatic life and may pose broader risks to human health.
  
  Monitoring, source control, and nature-based treatment provide a sustainable path forward.

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

The pervasive occurrence of steroidal sex hormones in aquatic ecosystems poses a substantial challenge to aquatic ecosystem health and may also have implications for public health. Some of these potent endocrine-disrupting chemicals act at ultra-trace concentrations, challenging traditional single-substance toxicological paradigms, and are often incompletely removed by conventional wastewater treatment. This review critically synthesizes the biogeochemical dynamics of aquatic sex hormones, tracing their trajectories from anthropogenic sources through environmental transport, transformation, and persistence. It highlights the need to expand monitoring beyond targeted quantification toward comprehensive steroidal profiling, with particular attention to the potentially overlooked contributions of conjugated forms and uncharacterized transformation products. Furthermore, this review evaluates biological effects through the lens of adverse outcome pathways and the One Health framework, integrating well-established ecological effects in aquatic organisms with the more limited and emerging evidence relevant to human health under real-world mixture exposures. To address these threats, the efficacy and sustainability of advanced and emerging removal technologies are critically assessed, including catalytic oxidation, enzymatic biotransformation, hybrid systems, and nature-based solutions. Ultimately, safeguarding aquatic ecosystems requires an integrated, multi-barrier strategy that combines proactive source control, mixture-aware risk assessment, fit-for-purpose wastewater treatment, and sustainable mitigation aligned with circular economy principles.
- steroid hormones /
- mixture toxicity /
- adverse outcome pathways /
- nature-based solutions /
- One Health

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Yang H., Feng Q., Tang Y., et al. (2026). Environmental steroid hormones in aquatic systems: Biogeochemical dynamics, mixture risks, and sustainable mitigation. The Innovation Water 1:100015. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.tiw.2026.100015

Yang H., Feng Q., Tang Y., et al. (2026). Environmental steroid hormones in aquatic systems: Biogeochemical dynamics, mixture risks, and sustainable mitigation. The Innovation Water 1:100015. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.tiw.2026.100015

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