Air pollution abatement from Green-Blue-Grey infrastructure
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GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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PUBLIC SUMMARY
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Review evaluated diverse green-blue-grey infrastructure (GBGI) to abate air pollution.
Only 22 out of 51 GBGI types assessed provided relevant air pollution efficacy data.
Street trees are the most studied GBGI: 61% in street canyons, 18% in open roads, and 21% elsewhere.
GBGI mitigation is dominated by deposition at the city-scale and dispersion along roads.
Meta-analysis highlighted inconsistent reporting of results to enable direct comparisons.
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ABSTRACT
Green-blue-grey infrastructure (GBGI) offers environmental benefits in urban areas, yet its impact on air pollution is under-researched, and the literature fragmented. This review evaluates quantitative studies on GBGI's capability to mitigate air pollution, compares their specific pollutant removal processes, and identifies areas for further investigation. Of the 51 GBGI types reviewed, only 22 provided quantitative pollution reduction data. Street trees and mixed-GBGI are the most studied GBGIs, with efficacy influenced by wind, GBGI type vegetation characteristics, and urban morphology. Negative percentages denote worsening air quality, while positive reflect improvement. The 22 different GBGI grouped into eight main categories provide an average (± s.d.) reduction in air pollution of 16 ± 21%, with substantial reduction shown by linear features (23 ± 21%), parks (22 ± 34%), constructed GI (14 ± 25%), and other non-sealed urban areas (14 ± 20%). Other individual GBGI reducing air pollutants include woodlands (21 ± 38%), hedges (14 ± 25%), green walls (14 ± 27%), shrubland (12 ± 20%), green roofs (13 ± 23%), parks (9±36%), and mixed-GBGI (7 ± 23 %). On average, GBGI reduced PM1, PM2.5, PM10, UFP and BC by 13 ± 21%, 1 ± 25%, 7 ± 42%, 27 ± 27%, and 16 ± 41%, respectively. GBGI also lowered gaseous pollutants CO, O3 and NOx by 10 ± 21%, 7 ± 21%, and 12 ± 36%, on average, respectively. Linear (e.g., street trees and hedges) and constructed (e.g., green walls) features can impact local air quality, positively or negatively, based on the configuration and density of the built environment. Street trees generally showed adverse effects in street canyons and beneficial outcomes in open-road conditions. Climate change could worsen air pollution problems and impact GBGI effectiveness by shifting climate zones. In Europe and China, climate shifts are anticipated to affect 8 of the 22 GBGIs, with the rest expected to remain resilient. Despite GBGI's potential to enhance air quality, the meta-analysis highlights the need for a standardised reporting structure or to enable meaningful comparisons and effectively integrate findings into urban pollution and climate strategies. -
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Kumar P., Corada K., Debele S. E., et al., (2024). Air pollution abatement from Green-Blue-Grey infrastructure. The Innovation Geoscience 2(4): 100100. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-geo.2024.100100
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Kumar P., Corada K., Debele S. E., et al., (2024). Air pollution abatement from Green-Blue-Grey infrastructure. The Innovation Geoscience 2(4): 100100. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-geo.2024.100100
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Figure 1.
Geographical overview of studies on air quality effects of GBGI, showing the distribution of 242 data represented by 160 studies (one study may report multiple GBGI or locations).
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Figure 2.
Availability of studies in each of the 51 GBGI categories is represented using a six-point classification scale16 to colour-coded the percentage of studies examining the impact of GBGI on various air pollutants.
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Figure 4.
Mapping co-occurrence keyword network.
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Figure 5.
Extracted percentage changes (ambient concentration and deposition) considering different GBGI types in studies (A) Across all pollutants, (B) PM1, (C) PM2.5, and (D) PM10.
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Figure 6.
Extracted percentage changes (ambient concentration and deposition) considering different GBGI categories in studies (A) UFP, (B) BC/EC, (C) CO, (D) NO- NO2.-NOx (E) O3, and (F) SO2.
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Figure 7.
Percent change showing the removal potential of different GBGI types for mean (A) PM10, (B) PM2.5, (C) PM1, (D) BC, and (E) TSP.
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Figure 3.
Percentage of studies showing the removal mechanism used for different GBGI categories.
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Figure 8.
Base maps are Köppen-Geiger classifications, and the points are locations of eight GBGI categories: (A) shows the present-day map (1991–2020), and the (B) future map (
2071 –2100 ) under the RCP8.5 high-emissions scenario. The zoomed rectangular areas represent Europe and Asia to show the climate shift in more detail, along with the location of the implemented GBGI main types.
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