Soil moisture deficits amplify and prolong vegetation productivity losses under compound dry-hot extremes

Shuzhe Huang; Siqi Wang; Chao Wang; Xiang Zhang; Jianya Gong; Nengcheng Chen

doi:10.59717/j.xinn-geo.2026.100235

The Innovation Geoscience > 2026 Vol. 4 > No. 3 > 100235

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Soil moisture deficits amplify and prolong vegetation productivity losses under compound dry-hot extremes

1.
State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing (LIESMARS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
2.
State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
3.
School of Artificial Intelligence, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
4.
National Engineering Research Center of Geographic Information System, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
5.
School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
6.
Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan 430079, China

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Corresponding authors: wangsiqi@hubu.edu.cn (S.W.); gongjy@whu.edu.cn (J.G.); chennengcheng@cug.edu.cn (N.C.)
Received Date: January 19, 2026

Accepted Date: June 01, 2026

Published Online: June 03, 2026

The Innovation Geoscience 4(3), https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-geo.2026.100235 | Cite this article

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PUBLIC SUMMARY

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1. Soil-driven dry-hot events cause deeper GPP loss (−1.115 g·C·m⁻²·day⁻¹) and slower recovery (+2.238 days).
  
  Impacts of soil moisture deficits intensify over time, widening divergence from atmospheric-driven events.
  
  Soil moisture control strengthens with event severity, aridity, and future warming scenarios.

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

Compound dry-hot extremes have emerged as a major threat to terrestrial ecosystem productivity under climate change, yet their impacts are commonly interpreted through atmospheric conditions alone. Here we distinguish between compound meteorological dry-hot (CMDH) events, driven by atmospheric dryness and heat, and compound soil dry-hot (CSDH) events, in which soil moisture deficits coincide with heat, and assess their differential effects on global vegetation productivity. Integrating multiple gross primary productivity (GPP) datasets with climate variables, we quantify GPP loss and recovery time following CMDH and CSDH events. Globally, CSDH causes deeper productivity losses than CMDH, with a mean additional reduction of 1.115 g·C·m^-²·day^-¹, and prolongs recovery by 2.238 days on average. These differences have intensified over recent decades, with CSDH-related GPP losses and recovery times diverging increasingly from CMDH. The dominance of soil-driven impacts is also shown to strengthen with event severity, climate aridity, and under future warming scenarios. Structural equation modeling and explainable machine learning further reveal a shift in controlling mechanisms from atmospheric demand under CMDH to soil moisture limitation under CSDH, explaining both deeper carbon losses and longer ecosystem memory. Our results demonstrate that soil-coupled compound dry-hot extremes exert a more persistent constraint on terrestrial productivity than atmospheric counterparts, highlighting soil moisture as a critical regulator of ecosystem resilience in a warming world.
- Compound soil dry-hot /
- Compound meteorological dry-hot /
- Vegetation productivity /
- Loss and recovery /
- Global heterogeneity

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Huang S., Wang S., Wang C., et al. (2026). Soil moisture deficits amplify and prolong vegetation productivity losses under compound dry-hot extremes. The Innovation Geoscience 4:100235. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-geo.2026.100235

Huang S., Wang S., Wang C., et al. (2026). Soil moisture deficits amplify and prolong vegetation productivity losses under compound dry-hot extremes. The Innovation Geoscience 4:100235. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-geo.2026.100235

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Soil moisture deficits amplify and prolong vegetation productivity losses under compound dry-hot extremes

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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