Four colours of carbon sinks in terrestrial ecosystems

Ang Wang; Zhihua Liu; Ronghua Kang; Xiankai Lu; Yu Liang; Zhi Quan; Chenxia Su; Yugang Wang; Jiaoyue Wang; Feng Li; Feifei Zhu; Huoxing Zhu; Lian Song; Pengpeng Duan; Deze Liu; Xiaoxi Wang; Shuli Niu; Jianguo Huang; Chunwu Zhu; Guangxuan Han; Dejun Li; Guirui Yu; Yunting Fang

doi:10.59717/j.xinn-geo.2025.100162

The Innovation Geoscience > 2025 Vol. 3 > No. 4 > 100162

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Four colours of carbon sinks in terrestrial ecosystems

1.
CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Silviculture, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
2.
Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
3.
State Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, CAS, Urumqi 830011, China
4.
Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
5.
State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
6.
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
7.
Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
8.
State Key Laboratory for Vegetation Structure, Function and Construction, MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
9.
Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
10.
Qingyuan Forest CERN, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang 110016, China
11.
Key Laboratory of Isotope Techniques and Applications, Shenyang 110016, China
12.
These authors contributed equally

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Corresponding authors: sniu@igsnrr.ac.cn (S.N.); jianguo.huang@zju.edu.cn (J.H.); cwzhu@issas.ac.cn (C.Z.); gxhan@yic.ac.cn (G.H.); dejunli@isa.ac.cn (D.L.); yugr@igsnrr.ac.cn (G.Y.); fangyt@iae.ac.cn (Y.F.)
Received Date: December 21, 2024

Accepted Date: July 16, 2025

Published Online: July 29, 2025

The Innovation Geoscience 3(4), https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-geo.2025.100162 | Cite this article

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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PUBLIC SUMMARY

PUBLIC SUMMARY
1. Enhancing terrestrial ecosystem carbon sinks is an effective strategy for achieving carbon neutrality.
  
  Previous classifications of carbon sinks are often abstract and lack systematic descriptions.
  
  This review introduces a new concept of four colours of carbon sinks across different ecosystems.
  
  Nature-based solutions and their potential for enhancing the four colours of carbon sinks are identified.
  
  Potential, costs, risks, and social acceptance of carbon sinks of these colours in China are also discussed.

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

Terrestrial ecosystems are important carbon (C) sinks that absorb 31% of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Understanding the formation mechanisms and enhancement strategies of terrestrial carbon sinks is necessary for assessing their magnitude, spatiotemporal dynamics, and potential. This knowledge is also the foundation for implementing effective management measures and technological approaches to enhance terrestrial carbon sinks, which is essential for achieving carbon neutrality and limiting global warming to less than 1.5°C. Here we propose that the terrestrial carbon sinks can be systematically conceptualized into four colours, specifically green carbon, black carbon, blue carbon, and white carbon. We elucidate the definition, current distribution, and approaches for enhancing carbon sinks of these four colours. Our results indicate that the current four-colour carbon sink globally is 4.4 Pg C yr^-1. The global potential to enhance the four-colour carbon sinks is estimated to be 11.9 ± 2.2 Pg C yr^-1. Using China as a case study, where its current four-colour carbon sink amounts to 0.74 Pg C yr^-1, we also introduce the approaches to enhancing carbon sinks of these colours, along with their mitigation potential, costs, environmental risks, and social acceptance. Finally, we highlight priority research areas for future studies to advance the scientific and practical understanding of terrestrial carbon sinks.
- Carbon sink /
- Carbon neutrality /
- Colours of the carbon sink /
- Terrestrial ecosystems /
- Approaches and potential for enhancing carbon sinks

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Wang A., Liu Z., Kang R., et al. (2025). Four colours of carbon sinks in terrestrial ecosystems. The Innovation Geoscience 3:100162. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-geo.2025.100162

Wang A., Liu Z., Kang R., et al. (2025). Four colours of carbon sinks in terrestrial ecosystems. The Innovation Geoscience 3:100162. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-geo.2025.100162

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