Temperature shapes spatial-temporal patterns of global soil carbon accumulation
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GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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PUBLIC SUMMARY
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Global carbon accumulation rate (CAR) is reconstructed from 2,222 radiocarbon dates across 408 soil profiles.
CAR trajectory is non-linear and biome-specific over millennia.
Temperature dominates global CAR patterns, with higher spatial than temporal temperature sensitivity.
High-latitude regions show the highest historical CAR but are most vulnerable to climate change.
CAR has declined since the early Holocene and is projected to decline further (−11% SSP126; −18% SSP585).
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ABSTRACT
Mitigation of climate change and maintenance of ecosystem functions highlight the great importance of carbon sequestration in soil, which is a long-term process ongoing over decades, centuries, and even millennia. Here we compiled 2,222 radiocarbon (14C) measurements of soil organic matter from 408 soil profiles spanning all major biomes and coupled radiocarbon-based chronology with a chronosequence framework to reconstruct soil carbon accumulation since the early Holocene. This millennial-scale reconstruction captures long-term, non-linear trajectories and biome-dependent patterns over the Holocene. Our findings indicate that temperature was the dominant factor shaping the global spatial and temporal patterns of the carbon accumulation rate (CAR). Notably, the spatial sensitivity of CAR to temperature was nearly twofold greater than the within-profile temporal sensitivity, indicating that spatial gradients alone do not fully represent the magnitude of long-term temperature responses. Globally, CAR declines from the early Holocene to the present (Anthropocene) and is projected to decrease further by 11% under the SSP126 scenario and by 18% under the SSP585 scenario. High-latitude permafrost and wetland soils show the highest historical CAR but also the largest projected declines, whereas tropical soils exhibit a positive CAR–temperature relationship, which may reflect warming-associated increases in plant and root carbon inputs over long timescales. This radiocarbon-constrained CAR reconstruction provides an observation-based benchmark for evaluating Earth system models and highlights the increasing vulnerability of high-latitude soil carbon reservoirs under ongoing warming. -
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Yang S., Li J., Kuzyakov Y., et al. (2026). Temperature shapes spatial-temporal patterns of global soil carbon accumulation. The Innovation Geoscience 4:100214. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-geo.2026.100214
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Yang S., Li J., Kuzyakov Y., et al. (2026). Temperature shapes spatial-temporal patterns of global soil carbon accumulation. The Innovation Geoscience 4:100214. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-geo.2026.100214
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Figure 1.
Global distribution of the 408 sampling sites
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Figure 2.
Density distributions of soil carbon accumulation rate (CAR) across ecosystems
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Figure 3.
Drivers of temporal and spatial patterns of soil carbon accumulation rate (CAR)
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Figure 4.
Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon accumulation rate (CAR)
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Figure 5.
Global pattern of soil carbon accumulation rate (CAR)
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Figure 6.
Temporal dynamics of carbon accumulation rate (CAR) since the start of the Holocene
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Figure 7.
Global patterns of percentage changes in soil carbon accumulation rate (CAR%) across historical (5 kyr BP) and projected (2100AD) time periods in comparison to contemporary levels
