Revealing excited states of rotational Bose-Einstein condensates

Jianyuan Yin; Zhen Huang; Yongyong Cai; Qiang Du; Lei Zhang

doi:10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100546

The Innovation > 2024 Vol. 5 > No. 1

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Revealing excited states of rotational Bose-Einstein condensates

1.
School of Mathematical Sciences, Laboratory of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
2.
Department of Mathematics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119076, Singapore
3.
Department of Mathematics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
4.
School of Mathematical Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
5.
Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics and Data Science Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
6.
Beijing International Center for Mathematical Research, Center for Quantitative Biology, Center for Machine Learning Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

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Corresponding author: zhangl@math.pku.edu.cn
Received Date: June 20, 2023

Accepted Date: November 20, 2023

Published Online: November 23, 2023

The Innovation 5(1), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100546 | Cite this article

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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PUBLIC SUMMARY

PUBLIC SUMMARY
1. ■ Solution landscapes of rotational Bose-Einstein condensates are constructed to reveal ground and excited states.
2. ■ Four excitation mechanisms are identified: vortex addition, rearrangement, merging, and splitting.
3. ■ Evolution of the stability of different ground states is deciphered.

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

Rotational Bose-Einstein condensates can exhibit quantized vortices as topological excitations. In this study, the ground and excited states of the rotational Bose-Einstein condensates are systematically studied by calculating the stationary points of the Gross-Pitaevskii energy functional. Various excited states and their connections at different rotational frequencies are revealed in solution landscapes constructed with the constrained high-index saddle dynamics method. Four excitation mechanisms are identified: vortex addition, rearrangement, merging, and splitting. We demonstrate changes in the ground state with increasing rotational frequencies and decipher the evolution of the stability of ground states.

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Jianyuan Yin, Zhen Huang, Yongyong Cai, Qiang Du, Lei Zhang. Revealing excited states of rotational Bose-Einstein condensates[J]. The Innovation, 2024, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100546

Jianyuan Yin, Zhen Huang, Yongyong Cai, Qiang Du, Lei Zhang. Revealing excited states of rotational Bose-Einstein condensates[J]. The Innovation, 2024, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100546

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Revealing excited states of rotational Bose-Einstein condensates

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Revealing excited states of rotational Bose-Einstein condensates

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