Long term exposure to PM2.5 chemical components associated with prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in China
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PUBLIC SUMMARY
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Nitrate, organic matter, ammonium, black carbon, and sulphate top air pollution's cardiovascular burden.
Targeting traffic and fossil fuel sources of pollution may reduce China's cardiovascular disease burden.
Northern and Central China face higher cardiovascular burden from air pollution, mainly from organic matter.
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ABSTRACT
IntroductionAmbient fine particulate matter pollution (PM2.5) has been widely associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, less is known about the contribution of different chemical components of PM2.5 to CVD using a nationally representative sample in China.MethodsA nationally representative sample of older adults was recruited from 31 provinces, municipalities, or autonomous regions of China by the fourth national Urban and Rural Elderly Population Survey in 2015. We estimated the annual average concentrations of PM2.5 and its five dust-free chemical components (black carbon [BC], organic matter [OM], sulphate [$ {{\text{SO}_{\text{4}}^{\text{2-}} }}$], nitrate [${ {\text{N}\text{O}}_{\text 3}^{\text -} }$], and ammonium [$ { {\text{N}\text{H}}_{\text 4}^{\text +} }$]) at geocoded residential addresses with the spatial resolution of 10×10 km using bilinear interpolation. Logistic regression models were constructed to estimate the associations between PM2.5 chemical components and prevalence of self-reported CVD, and potential reducible fractions were further estimated using counterfactual analyses.ResultsA total of 220,425 participants with a mean age of 69.73 years, 52.24% females, and 6.08% minor ethnicity were included in the study, of which 55,837 (25.3%) reported having CVD. An interquartile range (IQR) increment in annual PM2.5 chemical components was associated with significantly elevated risk of CVD prevalence. The odds ratios were 1.254 (95% CI: 1.235-1.275, IQR: 7.11 µg/m3) for $ {\text{N}\text{O}}_{\text3}^{\text-} $, 1.197 (95% CI: 1.178-1.216, IQR: 4.35 µg/m3) for $ {\text{N}\text{H}}_{\text 4}^{\text +} $, 1.187 (95% CI: 1.173-1.202, IQR: 5.34 µg/m3) for OM, 1.122 (95% CI: 1.107-1.137, IQR: 0.97 µg/m3) for BC, and 1.106 (95% CI: 1.089-1.123, IQR: 4.67 µg/m3) for $ {\text{S}\text{O}}_{\text 4}^{\text 2-} $. The associations were significantly stronger in those older than 70 years.Conclusions Our study suggests that long-term exposure to PM2.5 chemical components could increase the risk of CVD prevalence. Future air pollution guidelines target reducing specific PM2.5 chemical components may help alleviate the burden of CVD. -
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Cai M., Su B., Hu G., et al., (2024). Long term exposure to PM2.5 chemical components associated with prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in China. The Innovation Medicine 2(3): 100077. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-med.2024.100077
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Cai M., Su B., Hu G., et al., (2024). Long term exposure to PM2.5 chemical components associated with prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in China. The Innovation Medicine 2(3): 100077. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-med.2024.100077
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Figure 1.
A map of the spatial distribution of study participants.
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Figure 2.
Exposure-response relationships of annual concentrations of ambient PM2.5 and its chemical components [black carbon (BC), organic matter (OM), sulphate (
$ {\mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}}_{4}^{2-} $ $ {\mathrm{N}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-} $ $ {\mathrm{N}\mathrm{H}}_{4}^{+} $ -
Figure 3.
Associations of ambient PM2.5 and its chemical components [black carbon (BC), organic matter (OM), sulphate (
$ {\mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}}_{4}^{2-} $ $ {\mathrm{N}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-} $ $ {\mathrm{N}\mathrm{H}}_{4}^{+} $ -
Figure 4.
Potential reducible fraction of CVD attributable to ambient PM2.5 and its chemical components [black carbon (BC), organic matter (OM), sulphate (
$ {\mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}}_{4}^{2-} $ $ {\mathrm{N}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-} $ $ {\mathrm{N}\mathrm{H}}_{4}^{+} $ -
Figure 5.
Potential reducible fraction of CVD attributable to ambient PM2.5 chemical components [black carbon (BC), organic matter (OM), sulphate (
$ {\mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}}_{4}^{2-} $ $ {\mathrm{N}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-} $ $ \mathrm{N}\mathrm{H}_4^+ $
