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The Innovation Medicine > 2025 Vol. 3 > No. 4 > 100172
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From emulation to evidence: The concepts, limitations, and prospects of TTE and TARGET

  • 1.

    Department of Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, China

  • 2.

    Big Data Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing 100045, China

  • 3.

    Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China

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  • Corresponding author: yzhao@njmu.edu.cn
  • Received Date:  September 15, 2025
    Accepted Date:  November 10, 2025
    Published Online:  November 11, 2025
The Innovation Medicine  3(4),  https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-med.2025.100172  |  Cite this article
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    • REFERENCES
  • [1] Cashin A. G., Hansford H. J., Hernan M. A., et al. (2025). Transparent reporting of observational studies emulating a target trial-the TARGET statement. JAMA 334:1084−1093. DOI:10.1001/jama.2025.13350

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    [2] Cashin A. G., Hansford H. J., Hernan M. A., et al. (2025). Transparent reporting of observational studies emulating a target trial: The TARGET statement. BMJ 390:e087179. DOI:10.1136/bmj-2025-087179

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    [3] Hernán M. A. and Robins J. M. (2016). Using big data to emulate a target trial when a randomized trial is not available. Am. J. Epidemiol. 183:758−764. DOI:10.1093/aje/kwv254

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    [4] Franklin J. M., Glynn R. J., Suissa S., et al. (2020). Emulation differences vs. biases when calibrating real-world evidence findings against randomized controlled trials. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 107:735−737. DOI:10.1002/cpt.1793

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    [5] Wang S. V., Schneeweiss S., Initiative R.-D., et al. (2023). Emulation of randomized clinical trials with nonrandomized database analyses: Results of 32 clinical trials. JAMA 329:1376−1385. DOI:10.1001/jama.2023.4221

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  • Cite this article:

    Zhou J., Feng G. and Zhao Y. (2025). From emulation to evidence: The concepts, limitations, and prospects of TTE and TARGET. The Innovation Medicine 3:100172. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-med.2025.100172
    Zhou J., Feng G. and Zhao Y. (2025). From emulation to evidence: The concepts, limitations, and prospects of TTE and TARGET. The Innovation Medicine 3:100172. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-med.2025.100172

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