Current landscape with an analytical outlook: Chikungunya virus vaccine development
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GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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PUBLIC SUMMARY
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The recent regulatory approval of the first chikungunya vaccines marks a pivotal milestone in public health.
Key challenges persist in ensuring durable, broad immunity and addressing safety for global deployment.
Next-generation vaccine platforms are crucial to overcome these hurdles and achieve equitable protection.
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ABSTRACT
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-borne alphavirus primarily transmitted by Aedes species, continues to pose a significant global health threat due to its rapid transmission potential and debilitating arthralgia. In response to the escalating incidence and expanding geographic range, notable progress has been achieved in vaccine development. Two vaccines have received regulatory authorization: IXCHIQ (VLA1553; live-attenuated; FDA approved 9 Nov 2023; U.S. license suspended 22 Aug 2025), and VIMKUNYA (recombinant VLP; FDA accelerated approval 14 Feb 2025; commercial launch Mar 2025). These approvals represent major milestones in CHIKV prevention efforts. However, several challenges persist, including limited durability of immune protection, safety concerns in vulnerable populations, antigenic drift among circulating lineages, and the need for thermostable, globally deployable formulations. In this review, we systematically evaluate diverse vaccine platforms, including live-attenuated, inactivated, VLP, nucleic acid, and viral vector-based candidates, through a comparative analysis of immunogenicity, safety, and scalability. Furthermore, we provide strategic insights into overcoming major barriers in CHIKV vaccinology, including the risks of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), the challenge of achieving durable immunity, and the practical limitations of cold-chain dependency. By integrating advances in structural vaccinology and broadly neutralizing antibody development with clinical and regulatory perspectives, this review proposes a roadmap for next-generation CHIKV vaccines aimed at promoting equitable global deployment. -
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Zhao X., Yang L., Mi Y., et al. (2025). Current landscape with an analytical outlook: Chikungunya virus vaccine development. The Innovation Medicine 3:100173. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-med.2025.100173
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Zhao X., Yang L., Mi Y., et al. (2025). Current landscape with an analytical outlook: Chikungunya virus vaccine development. The Innovation Medicine 3:100173. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-med.2025.100173
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Figure 1.
Structural composition and phylogenetic relationships of CHIKV lineages
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Figure 2.
Clinical development timelines (2011–2025) and regulatory milestones for CHIKV vaccine candidates.
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Figure 3.
Comparison of CHIKV vaccine platforms
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Figure 4.
Strategies for broad-spectrum and next-generation CHIKV vaccines
