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GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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PUBLIC SUMMARY
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Climate change is increasing environmental extremes, posing growing risks to human health.
Extreme weather affects health in many ways; heart, lung and mental illnesses are well-studied examples.
Health adaptation to climate extremes works best when actions from individuals to public policy are connected.
Future research should guide fair adaptation and build climate resilient health systems.
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ABSTRACT
In the context of climate change, extreme environmental events are becoming increasingly frequent and severe, profoundly affecting human health and creating a vicious cycle of mutual reinforcement. This review examines evolving trends in climate change–related extreme events and compound exposures, such as heatwaves, cold spells, heavy rainfall, floods, and hurricanes, and summarizes their impacts on major health outcomes, including respiratory, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, infectious, and kidney diseases, as well as mental health and adverse birth outcomes. It further outlines interventions and future directions for adaptation, planning, and resilience across six levels: individual, interpersonal, community, institutional, environmental, and public policy. Despite growing research in this area, substantial knowledge gaps remain, including the scarcity of evidence from low- and middle-income countries, methodological inconsistencies, limited investigation of compound events, and insufficient attention to morbidity and adaptation effectiveness. Future research should employ harmonized, long-term, and multi-regional approaches to more accurately quantify health burdens and enhance global resilience to climate change. -
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Yu P., Liu Y., Xing Y., et al. (2026). Climate change, environmental extremes, and human health. The Innovation Medicine 4:100235. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-med.2026.100235
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Yu P., Liu Y., Xing Y., et al. (2026). Climate change, environmental extremes, and human health. The Innovation Medicine 4:100235. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-med.2026.100235
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Figure 1.
Annual days of heat waves, cold spells, heavy rains, droughts, wildfires.
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Figure 2.
Overview of health outcomes impacted by climate change related environmental extremes.
